NWT RESEARCH DATABASE

Regions: Dehcho Region, South Slave Region

Tags: water quality, prediction models, organic carbon, Mackenzie River

Objective(s): To develop a sophisticated model that can simulate the mobilization, transport, transformations, and export of tDOC from the Mackenzie River watershed to the Arctic Ocean.

Project Description: This licence has been issued for the scientific research application No. 5897. The primary objective of this funded project is to develop a sophisticated model that can simulate the mobilization, transport, transformations, and export of tDOC from the Mackenzie River watershed to the Arctic Ocean. The model will be used to simulate the transfer of tDOC during the past two decades and for plausible future scenarios. As part of the project, the research team will conduct multiple field campaigns to collect crucial data that will facilitate the development and validation of that model. To achieve this objective: 1) field measurements by deploying optical water-quality probes and other optical instruments, 2) water samples for analyses and experiments carried out in the laboratory at Boston University. Field measurements will also be collected to develop better algorithms that will facilitate the accurate mapping of surface water-quality indicators (turbidity, algae, tDOC) from NASA ocean-color satellites (https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov) in Great Slave Lake, as well as in the Mackenzie River and its primary tributaries (e.g., Liard, Hay, Slave). Final deliverables from this project will include: 1) a significant data set of water quality measurements, 2) a modeling framework of tDOC transfer in the Mackenzie River, 3) simulations of tDOC transfer for past two decades and the near future, analyses of change, 4) maps of water quality indicators of Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River and its primary tributaries (e.g., Liard, Hay, Slave) derived from NASA satellite sensors, and 5) graduate student training (Ph.D. dissertation and peer-reviewed publications). For the field work effort, the research team hopes to be able to leverage help from the local communities of Fort Simpson, Hay River, Fort Providence, and Fort Resolution. Marlene Evans (Environment and Climate Change Canada), who is collaborator on the NASA project, will serve as a link between PI Fichot/Co-I Kaiser and the local communities. She is also helping to develop a companion ECCC program for remote sensing studies of Great Slave Lake and measurements of productivity (chlorophyll). The research team will conduct field work during each year of the 3-year project. In 2022, it will conduct a scoping trip during the first two weeks of July for some limited sampling and data collection in the tributaries of the Mackenzie River and Great Slave Lake, and to meet and engage with the local communities of Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution and Hay River. In both 2023 and 2024, it will conduct two more intense field campaigns in May (2 weeks) and September (2 weeks) of each year. During field efforts, the hope is to engage some members of the local communities in some limited capacity in sampling activities through the use of local boats to sample on Great Slave Lake, and to help with water sampling when team members are not present in the field. In 2022, optical and water-quality data and water samples will be collected at different times and multiple locations in Great Slave Lake, the Hay River, Liard River, Mackenzie River (Fort Providence area), Slave River, and opportunistically in smaller rivers in-between (Buffalo, Little Buffalo). Optical and water-quality data and water samples will be collected as follows: 1. Water-quality indicators from a YSI EXO-3 sonde (https://www.ysi.com/exo3) equipped with a temperature-salinity probe, a chlorophyll-a fluorescence probe, a dissolved organic matter fluorescence probe, a turbidity probe, and a dissolved oxygen probe. The sonde will be dunked in the water and will be used to acquire data for 2-3 minutes while a water sample is collected at the same time. 2. Water reflectance (color of the water) will be measured at the sampling sites using an ASD handheld spectrometer (https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/products/product-range/asd-range/fieldspec-range/fieldspec-4-standard-res-spectroradiometer). This is an above water measurement that is equivalent to taking a picture. 3. A water sample will be collected at each sampling site. The sample will be filtered on site using a simple syringe + in-line filter apparatus (0.7-µm pore size). The filtrate will be collected in a 40-mL small glass vial and analyzed at Boston University for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (using a Shimadzu TOC-V analyzer) and Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 650 spectrophotometer). The filter itself will also be kept and analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) at Boston University (using a Costech CHN elemental analyzer). In 2023 and 2024, the research team will follow a similar sampling plan as in 2022 though the field work will be conducted at the beginning of the ice-free season during the freshet (May) and in late summer (Summer). The plan is also to carry out long-term deployments of three YSI EXO-3 sondes in the Hay River, Liard River, Slave River, and possibly a fourth one the Mackenzie River near Fort Providence area. The sondes would be deployed in May during the first visit and would continuously record water-quality indicators (temperature-salinity, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, dissolved organic matter fluorescence, turbidity, dissolved oxygen) until they are recovered in September during our second visit. As part of this field effort, it is hoped that some members of the local communities can be engaged to inspect the sondes (check for biofouling, replace battery) and collect occasional samples at the sites between the first and second visit. During each year (2022, 2023, 2024), the hope is for community members to collect occasional water samples (every two weeks or monthly) in the Slave River, Liard River, Hay River and Mackenzie River (near Fort Providence) during the rest of the ice-free period. Communication of results will occur through several venues including telephone calls, emails, zoom meetings, and in-person meetings during the entirety of the project. The team will also visit Hay River, Fort Resolution, and Fort Simpson each year to discuss our study, show results, and address questions. The results of the greater NASA project will also be communicated each year by the PI and co-I teams at the NASA ABoVE science team meetings (https://above.nasa.gov) and at international science meetings such as the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in the late Fall of each year. The research team has already attended multiple Zoom meetings and/or telephone conversations/email communications with Fort Resolution (Diane Giroux, Kathleen Fjordy, Annie Boucher with the Deninu Kue FN), Fort Simpson (Mike Low, Judy Sabourin, Dieter Cazon with the Liidlii Kue FN), Hay River (Joseph Gormaly, Peter Redvers, Peter Sabourin with the Katlodeeche FN), Fort Providence (Priscilla Canadien, Mike Low), and the Fort Resolution (Shawn McKay) and Hay River Metis (Trevor Beck). We have also had Zoom conversations with GNWT and ECC (Guylaine Ross) during which it was discussed how to coordinate our proposed sampling with their community-based water quality program and related studies. Marlene Evans (Environment and Climate Change Canada) who is collaborator on the NASA project, will serve as a link between PI FIchot/Co-I Kaiser and the communities and will facilitate communication. The fieldwork for this study will be conducted from: June 06 - December 31, 2024